TY - JOUR
TI - Thermal dynamics of ternary hybrid micropolar magnetohydrodynamics nanofluid-flow with activation energy over a heated curved surface
AU - Mahariq Ibrahim
AU - Islam Saeed
AU - Abas Arshad Syed
AU - Ali Ishtiaq
AU - Fiza Mehreen
AU - Ullah Hakeem
AU - Akgul Ali
JN - Thermal Science
PY - 2025
VL - 29
IS - 4
SP - 3149
EP - 3165
PT - Article
AB - Ternary nanoparticles significantly enhance the performance of electrical  components, including lubricants, radiators, and cooling systems. This  study investigates heat transfer in a 2-D micropolar ternary hybrid  nanofluid-flow (copper, alumina, silver in water) over a stretched curved  surface. It accounts for micropolarity, thermophoresis, Brownian motion,  thermal radiation, heat source, activation energy, and specific boundary  conditions. The governing PDE are reduced to non-linear ODEs using  similarity transformations. Results show that ternary nanofluids outperform  hybrid ones in thermal efficiency, benefiting applications like heat  exchangers. Velocity decreases along the x-axis due to material and  magnetic effects, but increases in the secondary direction. A higher heat  source reduces the Nusselt number, while radiation enhances both temperature  and Nusselt number. Magnetic fields raise skin friction, and activation  energy with thermophoresis increases concentration, which is reduced by  Brownian motion. Flow characteristics are illustrated through figures and  tables to highlight these physical effects.