TY - JOUR
TI - Natural convection in a porous square cavity filled with a ternary hybrid nanofluid: A numerical study
AU - Revnic Cornelia
AU - Groșan Teodor
AU - Khanafer Khalil M
AU - Pop Ioan
JN - Thermal Science
PY - 2025
VL - 29
IS - 4
SP - 2817
EP - 2827
PT - Article
AB - A new theoretical ternary hybrid nanofluid, by suspending three types of nanoparticles with different physical and chemical bonds in a porous square cavity, is pro-posed in this paper. The ternary hybrid nanofluid is formed by suspending three types of nanoparticles with different physical and chemical bonds into a base fluid. In this study, the nanoparticles alumina (Al2O3), Copper, and Titania (TiO2) are suspended into water thus forming the combination. The system of governing PDE, are numerically solved using finite element formulation based on the Galerkin along with ADINA software (Adina v 9.20) method. The average Nusselt number is computed for three values of the Rayleigh number: 10, 100, and 1000, with the results of other authors from the open literature. An excellent agreement, and therefore, we are deeply confident that the numerical results obtained are correct and very accurate. We wish to point out that the numerical results of the present paper are completely new and original with very important results for practical applications of the ternary hybrid nanofluid in the modern industry. To our best of knowledge, the results of the present paper were never published by any researcher.